Beer Brewing & Dissolved Oxygen What Makes Beer? Having enough dissolved oxygen to feed the anaerobic breathing process of yeast is crucial to the beer-brewing process. But anaerobic breathing, also known as fermentation, is not the only reason why it is important to control dissolved oxygen in beer brewing. In fact, the presence and absence of dissolved oxygen at the right part of the process is key to having a good batch of beer. So what’s in a mug of beer? The recipe of beer consists of the following four main ingredients: 1. Cereal grains, germinated and partially grown  Barley is more often used, but some also use wheat, oat, maize and rice. In order for cereal grains to germinate, air is blown through the grains during storage and germination to induce an oxygen-rich environment. The malted grain is then mashed and mixed with water to form wort, and boiled for at least 30 minutes to kill any bacteria that could infect the culture.
2. Yeast
 Yeast, which is added to the wort after it has been boiled and cooled down, is the living organism responsible for producing alcohol in beer through the process called fermentation. Technically, pitching about 10 million to 30 million yeast cells per millimeter of wort is sufficient. However, the amount to add depends on many factors, such as the wort gravity, the strain of yeast used, and the fermentation temperature. During fermentation, glucose present in the wort is broken down by the yeast to form carbon dioxide and alcohol. Dissolved oxygen level, which is discussed in the later part of this article, plays a significant role in the success of fermentation. 3. Hops  Hops is a plant which produces cone-shape flowers. Known as the “spice of beer”, hops contributes to the bitterness, aroma, and flavor of beer. Different hops contain different Alpha Acid levels, which in turn, lend to a different tasting beer. Using hops at different parts of the beer brewing process can also produce different results to the brew.
4. Water
 As the main ingredient of beer, water quality undoubtedly plays an important role in determining the final taste of your beer. Most major and successful breweries operate in locations with a great or source of clean water. Water adjustment is possible by regulating the pH, water hardness, mineral content and other water quality parameters. Good measurement tools, such as pH meters, titrators, etc. are essentials in the process of adjusting water quality.
Oxygenation: When and How Much?
Before it all begins: prefermentation Oxygen is introduced to the wort after boiling, and prior to the addition of yeast. Most breweries oxygenate their wort with sterile air after it has cooled off to increase oxygen solubility and to reduce wort oxidation. There are also some who choose to introduce air while the wort is hot to sterilize the air, but this runs the risk of oxidizing off flavors in the beer, leaving a stale, garlicky taste.  Whether your preference is to oxygenate when the wort is hot, or after the wort has cooled down, the oxygenation process should take place before, not after fermentation has commenced. As fermentation progresses towards completion, oxygen uptake is reduced and any additional oxygen injected into the wort will not be used off. Instead, it remains to
react with other compounds in the beer, creating staleness and undesirable tastes. Too little or too much? Determining the amount of oxygen or air to
inject for fermentation can be tricky. Too little dissolved oxygen results in - Low and sticky fermentation
- “Off” flavors
- Poor yeast crop
- Low ester/alcohol production
Too much oxygen causes - Rapid fermentations, resulting in excessive yeast growth and beer losses
- High ester production, resulting in a fruity-tasting beer
Like pitching, the amount of oxygen to add is dependent on a plethora of factors, including wort gravity, temperature, oxygenation/aeration method, and the desired end-product. Traditional ale and lager worts require approximately 6 to 8 ppm of dissolved oxygen, while high gravity brewing require 16 ppm or even higher. Without a good dissolved oxygen meter, it is impossible to gauge, and therefore control, the amount of oxygen in your wort. Hence, a good oxygenation or aeration system should include a measuring instrument located at a reasonable distance from the injection point in your process. As the process fermentation begins to slow down, yeast and protein flocculate and form a sediment at the bottom of the fermenting tank. This sediment can cause unpleasant yeasty characteristics and “off” flavors with the wort which is still fermenting. It is advisable to transfer the wort to a second clean fermenting tank where the fermentation process can complete and additional settling can occur without affecting the beer quality. Oxygen control after the beer is brewed At the end of fermentation, the beer is completely free of oxygen. At this point, the beer is highly susceptible to oxidation, which has the following effects on the end-product: - Undesirable taste
- Cloudy or hazy beer
- Increased beer astringency
- Darkened beer color
There are several ways to prevent oxidation of the beer after fermentation, one of which is to blanket tanks with inert gases. Use only de-aerated water for dilutions, as well as to run through beer transfers, and keep the finished product in cool storage during the supply chain. Measuring Dissolved Oxygen Whether it’s online measurements in a brewery or ad hoc measuring during a brew at home, using a good dissolved oxygen meter can eliminate the guesswork in dissolved oxygen control during fermentation.
Cole-Parmer offers a wide range of high-accuracy dissolved oxygen meters and fast-responding electrodes that allow brewers to track both dissolved oxygen levels (in ppm, mg/L, or %) and temperature at the same time. |
Barley is more often used, but some also use wheat, oat, maize and rice. In order for cereal grains to germinate, air is blown through the grains during storage and germination to induce an oxygen-rich environment. The malted grain is then mashed and mixed with water to form wort, and boiled for at least 30 minutes to kill any bacteria that could infect the culture. 
Yeast, which is added to the wort after it has been boiled and cooled down, is the living organism responsible for producing alcohol in beer through the process called fermentation. Technically, pitching about 10 million to 30 million yeast cells per millimeter of wort is sufficient. However, the amount to add depends on many factors, such as the wort gravity, the strain of yeast used, and the fermentation temperature. 
Hops is a plant which produces cone-shape flowers. Known as the “spice of beer”, hops contributes to the bitterness, aroma, and flavor of beer. Different hops contain different Alpha Acid levels, which in turn, lend to a different tasting beer. Using hops at different parts of the beer brewing process can also produce different results to the brew. 
As the main ingredient of beer, water quality undoubtedly plays an important role in determining the final taste of your beer. Most major and successful breweries operate in locations with a great or source of clean water. Water adjustment is possible by regulating the pH, water hardness, mineral content and other water quality parameters. Good measurement tools, such as pH meters, titrators, etc. are essentials in the process of adjusting water quality. 